Archer bowls with one of the least durable actions I've seen, which gave England two options. They could have tried to remodel it, but that's always a difficult process. Lots of the "science" behind which bowling actions cause injury is a bit fake, and there are at least as many disaster stories as success stories. I also think that psychologically a player usually needs to have experienced quite a bit of injury to fully commit to overhauling their action.
The other option was to carefully manage his injury risk. There are lots of ways to do this - typically you would want a bespoke strength and conditioning program, and different physios would quibble over the details. But the most basic, well-established principle would be avoiding spikes of activity at a much higher intensity or length than the player is used to. And they're allowing him to come into his first test ever and bowl 10-over spells flat-out.
I don't know if you could say that it "caused" his injury problems, but it's indicative of a team culture that either doesn't have competent conditioning staff, or (much more likely) doesn't pay any attention to them. If Archer's bowling 10-over spells, there's a lot else they're not taking very seriously too. I don't want to be overcritical - there's a balance to be struck, because medical staff are always very risk-averse, and any decent top-level sports team will ignore them a lot. But if there's one player who should have been handled very carefully, it was Archer, and they didn't do it.
Australia have really got their **** together on this stuff lately. Archer's 10-over debut spell was in a series where their attack outlasted England's by using heavy rotation. It wasn't commented on much, but if they'd lost I think all of their rotation would have become a major talking point.