A helmet is left near the boundary rope. The ball is struck and, without touching the ground first, bounces off the helmet and over the boundary. Is this a six, or is the helmet considered an 'extension' of the ground or something, meaning only four runs are scored.
Whose helmet is it? If it's the fielding side's, the batting team gets 5 runs, and any runs they have run, and the run in progress if they have already crossed at the moment of impact. The ball is dead upon contact with the helmet.
If it's the batting side's helmet, I can't find any guidelines in the laws on how to handle it. Reality is I should, as an umpire, make sure the batting side's equipment isn't on the field of play during the game. But if I've slipped up and it happened, then how I'd handle it would depend on if the helmet prevented anyone from fielding the ball. If no one was going to stop it, I'd signal 4 and just ask the batting side to not let that happen again. If the presence of the helmet stops the fielder from stopping the ball, I'd call dead ball and then just try to determine if it was deliberate or not. If deliberate and if the fielding side appeals, I'd give the batsman out for obstructing the field. I could also hit the fielding side with a penalty under Law 42. If unintentional, I'd just call the ball dead under 23.4 (vi) - citing the helmet as a distraction to the game.
Also, please could you explain the wide rule to me
So see, the thing with a wide is that the ball must be outside the reach of:
(a) the batsman in his stance at the start of the delivery and
(b) the batsman when the ball passes him
So if the batsman backs away from a delivery trying to turn it into a wide, it won't count, since it may satisfy condition (b) but it doesn't satisfy condition (a)
Similarly, when a batsman reaches for a wide ball, he is bringing it within his reach, so it no longer satisfies (b), even tho it satisfies (a)
The law is harsher in ODIs, where any delivery that is down the legside of a batsman both in (a) and (b) is considered wide, even those it may be well within his reach.