There are several modes of dismissal in cricket:
bowled - you've mentioned, the wicket is struck dislodging a bail (wicket = the set of three sticks with two small "bails" balanced on top of them). EDIT: BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED BY ANDYC ABOVE!
caught - like in baseball, a fielder catches a hit on the full, including the wicket-keeper behind the wicket.
leg before wicket - can get technical, but basically, in the opinion of the umpire a delivery that hit the batsman's body (usually his legs) and did not first touch his bat, would have gone on to hit the wicket. Designed to make the batsman protect his wicket with his bat rather than his body.
stumped - if that batsman moves forward down the pitch and misses the ball and the wicket-keeper (= catcher) catches the ball and removes the bails before the batsman can return to the safe area, designated by a line across the pitch called 'the crease'.
run-out - if in the process of running to score, a batsman fails to make it to the safe area designated by the crease before the fielder returns the ball to the wicket and the bails are dislodged.
Are the main ones.
There are no fowl hits in cricket, the ball is live no matter what direction it travels.
The equivalent of a home run is to hit the ball into the fence. If it hits the fence on the full, or goes over the fence on the full, that is counted as 6 runs. If it reaches the fence but not on the full it is counted as 4, without the batsman actually having to hit the ball.
Besides the modes of dismissal mentioned above, there is no equivalent of a "strike". If you let a ball go, or miss it, and it doesn't either hit your wicket or get you leg before wicket (LBW) nothing happens. You can do that as much as you want, although you obviously won't score in the process.
There are eleven players in a team, and there must be two batsmen, so once the tenth man in a team is out, the team's innings is over - there will be one man left "not-out" but he can't continue his innings alone. In Test cricket, teams have two innings each, to be completed within five days play.
In One Day cricket, each team has only one innings. That innings is over once 10 people are out, or more commonly, once 50 overs have been bowled. There are six deliveries in an over, so thats 300 deliveries per innings. The team to score more runs wins.
"Throw" is used to describe what fielders do when they throw the ball, but it is not used to describe how bowlers deliver a ball. There are rules (again quite complex) governing how to deliver the ball, and if you break those rules, you are said to be throwing the ball, rather than bowling it. For a bowler, being branded a thrower is tantamount to be labelled a cheat and it has resulted in the end of many careers. (So don't tell a bowler he throws or he'll be quite upset!)
Hope that's helpful. It does start to make some sense after a bit of watching...
How wonderful!